Qiuyu Jiao

Qiuyu Jiao

March 31, 2026

Chang Zhimei, Minhāj, Persian.

"Hawāi Minhāj" is a Persian grammar book written by the master of Confucian studies in the early Qing Dynasty, Chang Zhimei. It is translated into Chinese as "The Way of Learning" and is known as the "oldest Persian language legal book". It plays a crucial role in the development history of Persian grammar worldwide and the education of Islamic scriptures in China. But there is controversy over the title of this book, which is called "Minhāj" or "Hawāi Minhāj". Why are there two names for one book? The academic community is divided on this issue. Based on the author's shallow reading of this book, it is believed that the current popular work, "Hawāi Minhāj", is a merged version of "Hawāi" and "Minhāj", hence the name “Hawāi Minhāj”.

© 2026, the Authors. Published by ISCCAC

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